Puppy and Sum Problem Code: PPSUM (CodeChef)

Yesterday, puppy Tuzik learned a magically efficient method to find the sum of the integers from 1 to N. He denotes it as sum(N). But today, as a true explorer, he defined his own new function: sum(D, N), which means the operation sum applied D times: the first time to N, and each subsequent time to the result of the previous operation.

For example, if D = 2 and N = 3, then sum(2, 3) equals to sum(sum(3)) = sum(1 + 2 + 3) = sum(6) = 21.

Tuzik wants to calculate some values of the sum(D, N) function. Will you help him with that?

Input

The first line contains a single integer T, the number of test cases. Each test case is described by a single line containing two integers D and N.

Output

For each testcase, output one integer on a separate line.

Constraints

  • 1 ≤ T ≤ 16
  • 1 ≤ D, N ≤ 4

Example

Input:
2
1 4
2 3

Output:
10
21

Explanation:

The first test case: sum(1, 4) = sum(4) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10.

The second test case: sum(2, 3) = sum(sum(3)) = sum(1 + 2 + 3) = sum(6) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21.


Solution:

for a in range(int(input())):

    d,n = map(int,input().split())

    for i in range(d):

        total = (n*(n+1))/2

        n = total

    print(int(total))

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